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The Early Greeks Originally the Greeks were not a united country but instead they are city states, a collection of individual communities. They share the same language, their language is very valued. This is not the same Greek people speak today. It is a type of Latin. One of the first Greek Community à the Minoans, Minoans live on the Island called Crete, b/c they live on an island, they are trading a lot, which means they are trading language and culture. As they are trading, spreading culture and language to everyone in the Mediterranean, over 2,000 islands along with the main peninsula How does geographic feature involved in the influenced? Sea, which allows you to fish, makes transportation easy, which allows you to trade, expand and it links all these city states together. Unfortunately, main land of Greece, mountainous, main land of Greece is bad for transportation. Mountains prevent overall unities. Valleys developing completely independent communities, people are dependant. Most people are members of their own city states. Also, if the land is mountainous, effects economy through farming. Not enough ariable land, farm land. Trade for what they can’t get. Also climate made a big impact. Warm, when you live by the sea, stays the same temperature year round, so they are not challenged with extremes in weathers. Not going to impact their culture. Have more time to develop, being more progressive. Don’t have to focus on insulation. Mycaens à named after city, Mycea 2,000 B.C.E Geography, Mountainous, by the sea, live in a temperate climate, located on a really rocky ridge, surrounded by really thick walls, fear full of invaders, are warlike. Military rule, Power full, dominate city states from 1600 b.c.e and 1100 b.c.e. contemporaries of the Minoans. Minoans and Myceans are both traders, which means they could fight. Fighting is similar to trade. Interacting, sharing religion, art, politics, trade, etc. Had a relationship for the most part where they did trade. Their real enemy à Troy à another city state. As a result, these two city states fight an epic, city state battle. “The Trojan War”- Trojan horse à tactic used by Myceneans. According to Legend, battle is caused. recent archeological details prove that the happenings happened. Helen à Kings wife, part of the Iliad by Homer. Soon after Myceneans collapsed because they were to focused on the war. The Dorains, the Dorian period. Between this Dorian period, epic story tellers telling oral stories, embody most of the greek culture, though these stories we get lots of the greek myths. Often about explaining unknown occurrences, experiences: nature and human emotion. Personify emotions with Gods.

http://www.pantheon.org/articles/a/achilles.html

Achilles had a major role in the Illiad and the defeat of Troy, which expressed Greek culture. In the Illiad, it mentions that when Achilles was a boy, the seer Calchas prophesized that the city of Troy could not be taken without his help. After Odyseuss discovered him, Achilles distinguished himself as an undefeatable warrior. Achilles defeated Hector, the Trojan hero, the compensate for the loss of his friend, Patroclus. Hector killed Patroclus, so Achilles killed Hector. After Achilles killed Hector it demoralized the Trojans. After the death of Hector, Achilles' continued fighting, killing many of the Trojans and their allies, including Memnon and the Amazon warrior Penthesilia. Eventually Achilles died, but his heroics and how he remained undefeated will be remembered forever in the Illiad. Achilles expressed Greek culture because he helped express the unknown occurences such as nature and human emotion in stories, like the Illiad. Athens and Sparta were two very different city states. Athens and Sparta had different government and political organizations. Sparta and Athens had dissimilar social structures. Also, Athens and Sparta’s educational views were not the same. Athens and Sparta’s governments and political organizations were different. In Athenian government, it was usually classified as “direct democracy.” Everyone, not just politicians would attend assemblies. In fact, Athens has been claimed to be the “birthplace of government.” In Spartan Government, it was usually classified as an “oligarchy” which means ruled by a few. It had element of monarchy, which means ruled by kings and democracy, through the election of council and senators, and aristocracy. Aristocracy means ruled by the upper class or land owning class. In Athens, they would have elected officials running the government. These officials included ten generals, magistrates and others. In Spartan Government, two kings were elected to run the government. These kings were usually generals in command of the armies and with some religious duties. In Athens, they used the assembly as a political organization. The Assembly was open to all citizens. They passed laws and made policy decisions. The Spartans used the Council or Senate as a political organization. This consisted of 28 council men and two kings. They acted as judges and proposed laws to the citizen’s assembly. The difference in Athens and Sparta’s form of government is that they both have different ideas and ways they want to run their governments. The social structures in Athens and Sparta are very different. Sparta consisted of three social classes; the Spartiates, the Perioeci and the Helots. The Spartiates were military professionals that served in the army and could vote. The Perioeci were also referred to as neighbors or outsiders. These were freemen, who were people who could not vote or serve in the army. Examples of Perioeci were artisans, craftpeople, merchants and foreigners. Herlots were the people of Sparta that were treated like slaves and gave half of what they produced to the Spartiate, the citizens who owned the land. Athens social structure divided into numerous classes. In Athens, the freemen were all male citizens. The aristocrats were at the top, the middle ranks ere small farmers, and the lowest class was the thetes. Metics were those who came from outside of the city. They could not own land but they were allowed to run industries and business. The slaves were another part of the lowest class in Athens. Slaves varied in status. For example, some were policemen. In Sparta, women had few rights, but were more independent in Sparta than elsewhere in Greece. The difference between Sparta’s social structure and Athens is that they both had different social wants and values. Athens and Sparta had different educational views. In Athens, the boys were taught to read, write, use mathematics, music, poetry, play sports and practice gymnastics. The length of education was from the age of 5- 14 and for wealthier families, 5-18. Sometimes students in their mid twenties went to an academy. The citizen boys did military training camp for two years starting at the age of twenty. In Sparta, boys were taken from their parents at age seven and trained in the art of warfare. They learned survival skills. At age twenty they were place in higher ranks in the military. To age thirty they were dedicated to the state then they could marry. They were educated in choral dance, reading and writing, but athletics and military training were emphasized. In Athens, girls received little formal education. They were generally kept at home and had no political power in Athens. The education of a girl in Athens involved spinning, weaving and other domestic art. In Sparta, girls were educated at age seven in reading, writing, gymnastics, and athletics and survival skills. Girls could participate in sports in Sparta an were treated more as equals. The difference between these two city states’ educational views is that they both have different goals and ideas for what is important to learn.

[] []  1. [|Triremes] were the main type of warship used by the Athenians. They were used in the Athenian Navy and for economic trade. In January of 1988, Smithsonian published an article about how Greek and British naval experts were able to replicate a trireme for ancient Athenian times. This type of ship consisted of [|170 oars.] These warships were crafted and painted beautifully by [|merchants.] These ships used many people, up to 170, but after there are people in control and rowing the oars, and then the ships will go very fast. In a Sports Illustrated Article, published January 18, 1988, a replica of the trireme slave ship recruits oarsman from all over the world. http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/retrieve.do?contentSet=IAC-Documents&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28KE%2CNone%2C7%29trireme%24&sgHitCountType=None&inPS=true&sort=DateDescend&searchType=BasicSearchForm&tabID=T003&prodId=STOM&searchId=R4&currentPosition=3&userGroupName=va_p_freder_a&docId=A6832321&docType=IAC